How Gazda Cars and Bomino Printing approach the management of their activities Essay Example for Free

How Gazda Cars and Bomino Printing approach the management of their activities Essay Advantages * Its Organised * Their pay is related to their performance, which will motivate them perform better. * Work is carried out in controlled environment. * Its seen as social which motivates workers. * Managers convey moral elite, trustworthy, broadly motivated to organise influence others. * Employees have more control of their work (live to work). * Take interesting staff giving feeling of involvement, security job satisfaction, related to high achievement Disadvantages * Scientific approach used (work to live). * Communication between workers is bad. Not approachable, no influence. * Managers defined as rational economic, primarily motivated by just money. * Being too nice to staff makes managers look weak. Managers need that power so everything is in control. * Staff can abuse their manager if their needs are not fulfilled, e.g., they can strike. People can respond to many different types of management strategies, but there is no single strategy that will work for all everyone all the time. Therefore, Gazda Cars should refer to Fielders Contingency Approach to management. This theory supports the view of the complex man- i.e. the motives that man has which changes over time and in different situations, can be seen as personal hierarchy. It defines situational favourability, or the ease of influencing followers as the combination of situational factors: leader-member relations, task structure, and position power. Fielder argued that leadership style was innate and that the above three situational factors determined whether task or relations oriented leadership was more appropriate. The main ideas about Contingency Theory are: 1. There is no universal or one best way to manage 2. The design of an organisations and its subsystems must fit with the environment 3. Effective organisations not only have a proper fit with the environment but also between its subsystems and 4. The needs of an organisation are better satisfied when it is properly designed and the management style is appropriate both to the tasks undertaken and the nature of the work group. The contingency approach opens the door for the possibility that leadership could be different in every situation (Saal and Knight, 1988). It provides a more realistic view of leadership by allowing for complexity and situational specificity of overall effectiveness. As organisations today are faced with continuing changes in technology, environment conditions, and internal processes, this approach can offer a more sophisticated understanding of the leadership process and emphasise the idea of flexible, adaptive leadership that may contribute to the success of a company. However, the various models in contingency theory have been criticised largely for the difficulty in testing the contingency variables selected since variables may affect each other or be influenced by a leader. The complexity of situational factors and various combinations of task and subordinate characteristics makes a single comprehensive test of the model impossible (Wagner and Hollenbeck, 1992). As it is entirely possible that different leaders in the same situation may reach different conclusions about the situation, which may in turn cause them to take very different actions, the practical use of this theory in business is quite limited. Gazdas Mechanistic Structure Bominos Organic Structure Operates in a competitive fast changing environment but is not seen as exiting or fun. They are separate departments for production, sales, marketing, research and development, data processing, accounts and human resource management. Each member has their own specific role. Obedience to superiors and loyalty to the organisation are assisted upon. This structure is old fashioned. The communication usually comes in the form of instructions decisions issued by superiors and the performance feed back requests for decisions sent from subordinates. Work is carried in a controlled environment. Control authority relationships are structured in a vertical hierarchy. Operates in a highly complex environment. Tasks are highly specialised. Employees are not clear on how their tasks contribute to accomplishing organisational objectives. Distributes inkjet laser printing systems, which is a fast moving product, economically productive. Department are separated for all the main business functions. General roles are defined for each member. Authority relationships control are structured in a network rather than a hierarchy. This approach is to do with being nice to staff. Commitment to organisational goals is recommended more then loyalty or obedience. Teams are set up to work on new product development. Tasks are modified often redefined by means mutual adjustment among task holders. Workers have a variety of tasks which are broad and independent. Relation of task performance to attainment of organisational objectives is emphasised. Gazdas Role culture Bominos Task culture There are usually job descriptions, rules procedures to govern behaviour as well as procedures for all activities. Pay is related to performance. A role culture is one which emphasises conformity to expectations. As Harrisons theory states, such organizations can be said to be rational instruments for the achievements of specific goals. People work most effectively efficiently when they have relatively, simple clearly defined, circumscribed measurable tasks. However the company operates in a highly complex fast changing environment. Here management is seen as completing a succession of projects or solving problems, often as a part of a team. It is project oriented, bringing together the right people. The staff get a feeling of involvement; security general job satisfaction are closely related to high achievement. Performance is judged by results. Job satisfaction tends to be high, to the degree of individual participating group identity. Though the current tall structure and Role culture at Gazda internally complement each other, one can question whether those are the most efficient with regards to the dynamic and highly competitive external environment. Role culture and tall structure is perfectly suited in a stable external environment but cannot maintain maximum productivity in an unpredictable and rapidly changing external environment. Such structures and cultures lack the flexibility to quickly adapt to external influences; it is commonly known that if one cannot adapt to ones external environment then one is in great danger of becoming extinct. It is important to identify the need for reorganisation culture, process and structure. If reorganisation can be justified than the most feasible and effective approach should be implemented to replace its predecessor. The structure at Gazda is a much closed system where information processing and co-operation are slow. It can be said communication is the way to success, hence in order to achieve maximum efficiency champion manufactures need to increase levels of cooperation and information processing to improve the internal environment. Maybe a more organic approach, being an open system which emphasis is placed in group actions; co-operation and team work should be integrated into the present structure and culture along with lateral relationships. The pre dominant advantages of integrating these two new elements are firstly, allowing direct contact between employees and those higher up the hierarchy, hence problems are addressed quicker and time is used efficiently both the current structure and culture will successfully take the business further. In contrast to a tall organisation, a flat organisation will have relatively few layers or just one layer of management. This means that the Chain of Command from top to bottom is short and the span of control is wide. Due to the small number of management layers, flat organisations are often small organisations similar to Bomino Printing. A task culture refers to a team based approach to complete a particular task. They are popular in todays modern business society where the organisation will establish particular project teams to complete a task to date. A task culture clearly offers some benefits. Employees feel motivated because they are empowered to make decisions within their team, they will also feel valued because they may have been selected within that team and given the responsibility to bring the task to a successful end. I say they are both related because the informal structure relates to a particular task carried out by particular groups of individuals working together this is of a similar nature to a task culture. Decision making at managerial levels is more efficient as fewer people need to be informed/included in this process. Thirdly, staff motivation is increased at higher levels of co-operation means employees are not constantly being given simple direct orders by managers. This has a boosting affect on morale and motivation. Last but not least with a free flow of information present, all departments can be encouraged to succumb to change, therefore enabling the organisation to respond to influential external factors. Bomino Printing should remain loyal to the present culture and structure because this will help them build and progress further in the future. Bibliography Human resource management Ian Beardwell and Len Holden Management James A.F Stoner (Fifth edition) Organisations and behaviour Patrick Corner Principles of scientific management Fredrick W. Taylor Web sites http://www.northstar.k12.ak.us/schools/ryn/projects/inventors/taylor/taylor.html http://www.business.com/directory/management/management_theory/contingency_and_system_theory/ http://www.uniqindex.co.za/maslows.htm

Personal relationships :: essays research papers

I don’t think that anything brings people together more than mutual hatred, except mutual hatred for each other. I suppose that is why my ex-boyfriends and I still talk to each other, or, I should say, one of my ex-boyfriends, Rob. The other one, Andrew, and I don’t talk at all. I suppose that means we must really hate each other. But the reason we don’t talk is that it still hurts, and that wound runs very deep, I doubt if it will ever heal. The â€Å"blues† is losing someone you love and not having enough money to immerse yourself in drink. And so when I had lost Andrew, Cupid sent Rob along, and he paid for the tab. In short, I am convinced that Andrew is heartless and devoid of having any conviction or remorse for his wickedness. And as for Rob, I am honored to be able to say that, yes, he is my friend, and one of the most amazing people I have ever met.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rob was a Marine. Andrew was in the Army. Their temperaments were just as opposite as the branches of the military they served. Rob was an introverted kind of guy, completely content to sit and read a novel or sit quietly in a theatre. He wasn’t the kind of guy that liked to be the center of attention or draw the spotlight to himself. Andrew, on the other hand, was the most extraverted person I have ever seen. He was the life of the party, always out and about socializing, and loved all the attention than anyone would be willing to give him. Andrew was aggressive, Rob was passive. Even though they were different, they were a lot alike. Which is why, I suppose, I was attracted to both of them. They both had strong leadership skills and the ability to always make me smile when I was sad, console me when I cried, and amuse me with their humor when I needed to be 03 cheered. On my nineteenth birthday, Andrew called at 12:00AM to sing â€Å"happy birthday† to me in a Frank Sinatra style, and Rob telephoned to leave The Beatles â€Å"so they say it’s your birthday† at 2:07AM on my voice mail. They each had their differences, but even their similarities had their own flavor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physically, I would have to say that both Rob and Andrew were enough to put Brad Pitt and Johnny Depp out of business.

Ambition in Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz and School Ties Essay

Ambition: It’s Easy to Dream a Dream, but Much Harder to Live it Napoleon Bonaparte once said: â€Å"Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good or very bad acts. It all depends on the principles which direct them. † From this quote, one can see that great ambition is crucial to experience success whether it is achieved in an honest fashion, or a morally questionable one. In the novel The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (ADK) and the movie School Ties (ST) a strong sense of ambition is one of the driving topics for the plot and the development of many characters. For example, one can see that Duddy will do anything to achieve his dreams, even if that means betraying his friends or taking part in illegal activities. Although the amount of ambition in both works is very prominent, too much ambition can prove to be detrimental in many ways, and it is evident that ambition proves to be more severe in ST because many characters struggled with common morals and were affected by the mental destruction that comes along with too much ambition. In ADK, Duddy proves to be too ambitious for his own good throughout the entire novel, as he cares too much about owning land rather than following morals or obeying the law. Just one of these examples would be when Duddy sells contraband comic books. â€Å"American comic books were beginning to trickle into the city again, and so Duddy was attracted by this new line†¦ Barney was picked up by the police and fined. Duddy, unfortunately was caught with a large stack on hand. He took fright and threw them in the furnace. † (Richler 56). This quote shows evidence that Duddy began his overly-ambitious ways at a young age by selling pornographic comic books. Moreover, this proves Napoleon Bonaparte’s quote in that those who are ambitious are willing to commit very good or very bad acts in order to succeed. Similarly, morals are lost in ST as well when Dillon cheats on his history exam, and tells the class that it was David instead of him. â€Å"It wasn’t Connors. †¦] I should have told the truth yesterday. I know who cheated. It was Green. † (Darryl Ponicsan, Dick Wolf). At this point in the movie, it portrays Dillon as the antagonist as he lied to his friends, and cheated on his exam. Since Dillon did this in order to get into Princeton, one can conclude that he did this because he felt like he had no other options. Thus leading the reader to believe that Dillon did this out of ambition, but he let his morals get the better o f him. In this way, ADK is extremely similar to ST in the sense that characters from each text betrayed their friends, and cheated in one way or another in order to succeed. Secondly, Duddy Kravitz can be seen struggling with the mental exhaustion that comes with having too much ambition throughout the novel. An example of this is when he has a small breakdown just after he loses all of his money by playing roulette. â€Å"Duddy was seized by an uncontrollable fit of laughter. He rolled over in the grass, biting his arm to muffle the noise†¦ Three times he stopped, his laughter immense. The thought of them searching for him all through the night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Richler 90. ) This quote gives evidence that Duddy was so blinded by his ambition that he has fits of laughter over the fact that he lost all of his money. Moreover, this proves that Duddy’s mental health has diminished because he doesn’t care about the fact that the employees at the lodge are sincerely worried as they search for him. Similarly, mental destruction due to ambition is portrayed in ST as well during the scene where McGivern is so upset about his teacher insulting him in French class that he sneaks into the classroom that night in order to repeat his recitation to himself while his friends are looking for him around campus. McGivern is so distraught about this presentation that he ends up getting taken away in an ambulance at the end of the night. Although the way that mental destruction is shown in ST is slightly different than in ADK, they are very alike because both mental breakdowns by the characters are brought on through their ambitions to succeed. In conclusion, mental destruction and the loss of morals from being too ambitious are evident in both novels, but it is more severe in ST because multiple characters suffer in different ways, whereas Duddy is the only character that struggles significantly with his ambitions. Ultimately, being ambitious is a great trait because it builds character, but becoming too ambitious can harm an individual in more ways than one. So, how ambitious are you?

An Issue Of Medical Tattoos - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2091 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Tattoo Essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper is a comprehensive look on medical tattoos, particularly do not resuscitate order (DNR) and No Cardiopulmonary resuscitations (CPR) tattoos. The main objective of this project was to examine and to dissect cases to discover the ethical or legal issues surrounding tattoos for the basis of medical treatment or lack thereof. The principles of ethics: beneficence, respect, non maleficence, medical equity and the application of principles: informed consent, optimization, medical confidentiality, value of life were used to study the case. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Medical Tattoos" essay for you Create order In essence, the validity of these tattoos were under review to note whether they were legally binding as DNRs are a critical step between life and death and should not be taken lightly. Introduction Tattoos have been present from around 3170 B.C. to depict various meanings. It first began as a representation of tribal markings, religious belief and magical practices. They were also used on young girls to show puberty and then marriage and on boys to show accomplishments and ranks. Around the 1950s, tattoos were worn by the outcasts of society and prisoners and so persons opted not to get tattoos in this time because of the stigma. Then, in the 1970s it was the beginning of its use for adornment and to depict personal stories. These are just a few of the meanings tattoos portrayed over the years. However, a new purpose has immerged for tattoos, persons are using them for medical alert notifications to healthcare professionals. A wide array of tattoos are seen such as no CPR, DNR order, diabetic, organ donor, allergies and blood types. Medical records and medical alert bracelets carry this information but, they are being tattooed for cases of emergency when a patient doesn’t have a bracelet and is incapacitated or unconscious. The medical profession is of paramount importance because often time it is a life or death situation therefore there are laws and regulation in place that must be followed to ensure that each setting is of optimum result to protect both patient and physician and to avoid legal battles. For a DNR order to be signed off the principles of ethics must be considered autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and medical equity. Autonomy is the basis for informed consent and means that the patient has the capacity to understand and communicate effectively and an understanding of the consequences of his or her decisions. Non-maleficence means that patients should not be put in a position where they may experience unnecessary harm. Beneficence means that the care given to patients should benefit the patient. Medical equity means that patients are treated fairly and equally. The DNR and no CPR is an advanced directive or they are ordered by a physician in the case that resuscitations will not help the underlying condition that is, it cannot be cured or managed. DNR orders are given when a person stops breathing or the heart stops beating or a patient that has a terminal illness and has instructed on record that it is there wish not to be resuscitated. DNR orders can be included in a will because it is a legal document or mentioned in medical records. DNR orders are considered as passive euthanasia and having a tattoo which can be done without regulation, is not a legal document it is merely ink placed on the body whenever and however without regulations. Key terms According to the Oxford dictionary CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation DNR: Do not resuscitate, denoting an instruction not to attempt the resuscitation of a terminally ill patient after a cardiac arrest in hospital. Tattoos: Mark (a part of the body) with an indelible design by inserting pigment into punctures in the skin. Discussion A 70 year old man was brought to the emergency room with a very elevated blood alcohol level. He had a tattoo that read, Do Not Resuscitate with â€Å"Not† underlined and his signature below the tattoos. However, other than the signature they had no identification for this individual. He had a pulmonary infection which lead to septic shock which resulted in multiple organ failure (MOF) and a low blood pressure. He was difficult to revive, so the question was, should they try to resuscitate? Do they have to follow the DNR that was tattooed in large print? This was a case that presented in Miami, Florida in 2017 at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, the doctors were baffled at this ethical issue not only because the patient’s unconsciousness and DNR tattoo but years before in 2012 there was a similar incident with a 59-year-old man with diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, dyslipidemia and hypertension who had the initials D.N.R on his chest but subsequently he wanted to be resuscitated, he had gotten the tattoo when he lost a poker bet to a fellow colleague while he was drunk. Dr. Holt a critical care physician, was called in and he made the decision not to honor the tattoo based on the principle of not choosing an irreversible path. The patient was then treated with antibiotics, IV fluids, blood pressure medication and a breathing mask to buy time so they could have an ethics meeting to discuss the patient’s tattoo ethically and legally with an ethics professional. After the consult the ethics review decided to honor the tattoo, he passed away the next morning. His identity and official records of DNR was also discovered by social workers. But in the case of emergency was it ethical to follow this tattoo? or if there wasn’t an official do not resuscitate order (DNR)? Below are the arguments supporting and opposing medical tattoos as legally binding. Based on the Florida case and the 2012 case there is significant debate surrounding medical tattoos. Regarding the argument for honoring the tattoo, firstly there are medical alert bracelets and necklaces but they are expensive especially for the persons that are allergic to cheaper materials, they are broken often and professions such as electricians cannot wear jewelry and in the case of emergencies the proper paperwork might not be close to the individual or lost whether it may be in a purse or in a wallet so having a tattoo will be permanent and present with the individual. Also, having a tattoo would not cause emergency physicians great emotional and moral stress resulting from resuscitating a patient to find out after that the patient had a legal DNR document that was not available in the emergency department, in other words, wasting time when this time could be used on other patients. Additionally, some healthcare professionals think that a DNR tattoo expresses an authentic pr eference because for someone to sit and get a tattoo with do not resuscitate they must have greatly considered the seriousness and consequences of this action. The defensive against medical tattoos being legally binding is plenty. Firstly it’s argued that medical alert necklaces and bracelets or medical records carry all the relevant information so why are they being tattooed. Tattoos are expensive to be removed therefore it is not easily reversed so if a patient changes his or her mind it cannot be changed or cancelled like with a legal document or medical record that can be deleted or burnt. Also, if the tattoo is simply DNR, there is no way to positively know that it means â€Å"do not resuscitate† while it might seem obvious, medical decisions should never be made by guessing alone because the initials could stand for something else. Another issue is having a DNR tattoo is that it lacks specificity. It is an ambiguous term which could mean a patient wants chest compressions, but not a breathing tube, respirator or drugs, a tattoo cannot show this so physicians cannot understand the full meaning. Even DNR tattoos with a sig nature do not signify that it is a legal contract, this signing has to be witnessed to make it valid and a physician would not know that by just looking at the tattoo. Then there is the fact that anyone can get a tattoo whether they are sane or healthy, young or old, joking or serious, there is no strict regulation and standardization for tattoos based on DNR orders, as seen in the 2012 case where the tattoo was done while the individual was inebriated and had lost a bet. Additionally, it would be difficult to find medical tattoos on a person with multiple other tattoos. For a DNR to be legally binding the principles of ethics should be followed. The patient should be in full control of his or her choice and understand completely the risk of survival and possible treatment and make the decision that they do not want to be resuscitated, so they have full autonomy and have give informed consent. The usual conditions for DNR orders are when it will not restart the heart or breathing, when there is no benefit or when the DNR order outweighs the burdens. This means the respect and value of life is evaluated also. It cannot be known if all these principles are followed while getting a tattoo as it is not authorized by a doctor. Another disadvantage is that DNR tattoos and no CPR tattoos may lead to premature death because which cause of death that is not resisted is not on the DNR tattoo. This means if an individual had a car accident and their heart stopped the DNR and no CPR tattoos would cause the patient to die when a simple resuscitating efforts could recover the patient or say a patient was accidentally electric shocked would he or she wants to be revived if they could? Or would they want all forms of life support and medical aid to be provided? These questions are not answered by DNR tattoos. Persons randomly getting a tattoo do not ponder on these other situations that can occur so provisions are not made which inadvertently would lead to premature death and one of the aim of a doctor is to prolong life so it is not ethical to blindly follow a tattoo. Conclusion Medical tattoos for example, DNR orders and no CPR are not legally binding, this is because the tattoos do not follow the criteria and ethics principles of autonomy, medical equity, beneficence and non maleficence, therefore if a DNR tattoo is ignored there cannot be any legal ramifications for the medical staff. Honoring these tattoos can cause legal issues because it is a path of irreversibility so to be on the side of caution medical personnel’s should not follow these tattoos when they are encountered. Tattoos on the body can however, be used as a medium to covey the information or message to search for the medical records and follow up on the patient’s wishes but the tattoo cannot be used for the basis of treatment or lack of treatment. Medical tattoos such as No CPR and DNR, even though there are only a few cases, are becoming more prevalent and the only thing that can be done if medical tattoos are found is to educate emergency personnel and medical staff to search for the tattoos and then gather the relevant information to support the tattoo. The best way as a patient to ensure that the wishes of DNR or no CPR is followed is to have a medical bracelet or necklace or a wallet card that clearly states name, medical preference and any diseases, allergies and blood type. The DNR order should be clear to the type of resuscitation that is prohibited or to the resuscitation that are allowed, in what conditions and it should be approved by a licensed physician who has had a discussion outlining all the consequences and benefits with or without resuscitation. In the future medical tattoos may be used as a way of treating patients but for this to occur medical tattooing would have to be standardized, meaning they could only be done by medically approved tattoo artists after the DNR or no CPR is approved by a doctor in order to follow the principles of ethics and assigning case number so that there are not forgeries. Bibliography Cooper, L. Aronowitz, P. J GEN INTERN MED (2012) 27: 1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2059-8 Ober, V. and Cambron,C. (2005). Legal Implications and Ethical Considerations of â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate†. [Archive] Florida. www.ems1.com/paramedic-chief/articles/372711048-DNR-tattoos-Are-they-legal-and-is-EMS-bound-to-comply/ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2017/12/01/a-man-collapsed-with-do-not-resuscitate-tattooed-on-his-chest-doctors-didnt-know-what-to-do/?utm_term=.86f96da86eff https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/euthanasia/overview/dnr.shtml https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/dnr.html https://www.usalaw.com/blogs/dnr-tattoos-legal-ethics/